The Andean bear habitat along the Andes Mountains, encompassing the following countries: Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Venezuela.
Here present a summary, compared to people who were over their research exposing the presence of the Andean bear in these areas.
distribution history of the Andean bear in South America by the Andrés Bello Convention (published on his website):
Geographical Distribution:
The locality of the new species Ursus ornatus is the Cordillera de Chile (Cuvier, 1825). Tschudi (1844), designated as true locality the mountains east of Trujillo, department de la Libertad, Peru.
Cardus FATHER mentioned the presence of "Bears" in the eighteenth century up to the south of the city of Tarija.
In his description of the Venezuelan fauna CODAZZI (1860), spoke of "black bear", the gender of the bear, who has nearly the same habits of the European species ...". "It is found in the jungles of Apure and Guyana and in the Perija and Merida from 300 to 2000 yards above the sea level. The amount referred to altitudes of 251 and 1672 meters.
Between 1864 and 1874, the German naturalist lived GOERING in Venezuela. During a visit to Sierra Nevada de Mérida, rising to peak La Concha, observed an "Andean Bear (Ursus ornatus), he wrote:" ... it is the only kind of "Bear" existing large in South America and in Venezuela and in Colombia only is found at high altitudes of the Andes, to the wilderness? "
In Ecuador, TATE (1931) reported that the "Spectacled Bear" is distributed along the Andean slopes to a height of around 4000 m.
This is the only member of the bear family who lives in South America, this species is found in the Andes near the border between Colombia and Venezuela, throughout Colombia and Ecuador, to Peru, northern Chile and Bolivia. Although many names have been given to the different specimens of the species, the alleged differences seem mostly variations between individuals (Allen, 1942).
Tremarctos is now confined to the Andean slopes of the Amazon, but had a much wider range in the Pleistocene (Davis, 1955).
The fact that the holotype was acquired in a Chilean port led to believe F. Cuvier's homeland this type of bear was Chile. In fact, the "Spectacled Bear" does not exist in wildlife in the country and has a southern-dispersal in western the Andes, in the desert region that separates Peru from Chile (Cabrera, 1957).
Herskovitz (1957) gave a range from the Pacific slopes of the Andes in western slopes of the Amazon and Orinoco in the east, from the Caribbean and the draining of Lake Maracaibo in the north to the South Peru in the southwest of Bolivia in the South. The also mentioned that in the Cordillera de la Macarena, a small, isolated mountain range east of the eastern cordillera of Colombia. Wrote about his possible appearance in Panama.
Alleged landforms described by various authors are inadmissible, having been based on differences purely individual, as found in all species of "Bears" (Cabrera, 1961).
The "American Bear" (Tremarctos ornatus) lives from Venezuela to Bolivia, which coincide distribution in the various sources (CAPOLLETTI, 1963).
"Spectacled Bear" (Tremarctos ornatus) is found in mountainous areas of western South America from Colombia and western Venezuela to Bolivia and Peru, at altitudes above 10000 feet (Crandall, 1964).
Located in eastern Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Northern Chile, eastern Bolivia and possibly in Panama (KNIGHT, 1967).
Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia (Borrero, 1967).
The information available about the geographical distribution of "Spectacled Bear" in Venezuela, is based on data from specimens collected in the states of Tachira, Merida, Zulia and Lara and captured two individuals living in the region of Boconó, State Trujillo and Upper Black River, Sierra de Perija, Zulia State, as well as the information we have collected from farmers in the localities where this species. In Táchira, the "Spectacled Bear" inhabits the dense forests of subtropical wilderness Tamá, over 2000 m altitude (Mondolfi, 1971).
In the Andes of Merida, we know that the "Spectacled Bear" is in the Sierra del Norte, which was collected by Briceno Gabaldon in the desert of Rabbits and live, as we reported a peasant from the region of La Carbonera , in the highlands of Drum and Quindú. In the Sierra Nevada has been collected by Briceno Gabaldon in the wilderness of the Lion and as a farmer in La Mucuy, is also in the wilderness of the bear and the Aranguren. So there in the dense jungles of the Sierra de Santo Domingo and its foothills to the State of Barinas, in the river basin Santo Domingo, where his presence has been noted for forests in the vicinity of Altamira. In the Andes of Trujillo State has reported the presence of "wild" in the wilderness of Cenda, and one specimen was captured alive in the region of Boconó and taken to the Zoo of Maracaibo. There was another from the Sierra de Perija Hoya Black River, Zulia State (Mondolfi, 1971).
seems that the range of "Andean Bear" comes to the mountains north of Emergence, Portuguese State and the Sierra de Aroa in Yaracuy State, according to information provided by credible people (Mondolfi, 1971 .)
South America, from the Andes near the border between Colombia and Venezuela over Colombia and Ecuador to Peru, northern Chile (..) and Bolivia. The center of abundance now seems to be resting in southern Colombia, Ecuador and parts of Peru (EGOSCUE, 1972).
the "Spectacled Bear" is not personally observed, but there were traces of their activities such as feces and floors partly destroyed by the "Bears" (Jorgenson, 1979).
the "Spectacled Bear" Tremarctos ornatus, lives in a variety of habitats from Andean Cordillera de Merida in western Venezuela to the province of Porta in Bolivia (Peyton, 1980).
zoogeographically in Ecuador the "Spectacled Bear" is regarded as an inhabitant of the region of the Sierra, on the floor warm, with populations in eastern and western foothills, and also on the floor altoandino (Albuja, ET AL. 1980).
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. Small numbers may be present in Panama, Brazil and Argentina, but this needs confirmation. It has said Northern Chile is the type locality, but is now believed that this is not entirely appropriate (Thornback, 1981).
The "Spectacled Bears" live in the Andes range from the Cordillera de Mérida in western Venezuela to Bolivia, the largest populations reported found isolated areas in Ecuador, southern Colombia and scattered areas of Peru. In Peru, on the three rows of the Andes, but more in the forest habitat on the east side of the Cordillera Oriental, known as the jungle. Apart from the slopes on both banks of the river Pampas, Apurimac and Santo Tomas (E), are absent from the foot of the mountains below 1800 m, all the major thoroughfares of the West among the three ranges Andes. Also absent south of 13 ° 43 'both in the Cordillera Central and on the west side of the Cordillera Oriental, the field of Carabaya, and south of the river Patvilca (10 ° 42'S) in the Western line ( PEYTON, 1981).
In Ecuador, the presence of the "Spectacled Bear" in the wilderness of the volcano Antisana was reported by Black (1983).
The species T. ornatus inhabits the mountainous regions of western Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and western Bolivia (Nowak & Paradiso, 1983).
Scientists are not sure about the exact range, but they agree that is a creature of the Andean region, distributed from western Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador to Peru and Bolivia, with maybe some separate populations Panama, Brazil and Argentina (Ricciuti, 1983).
the "Spectacled Bear" "Uco" or "Ucumari (Tremarctos ornatus) is the only current representative of the family of ursids in South America. Lives along the Andes from the Sierra de Perija and the Cordillera de Merida in Venezuela (Castellanos, 1984).
PEYTON (1984) presented data on the distribution of the "Spectacled Bear" in Peru.
The highland is to present the southern limit of the "Spectacled Bear" in South America, but possibly there are other areas of the Department of Tarija where the living. There are many areas that local people has identified as being used by the "Bear" but need confirmation. They are the Cerro Gareca near Narvaez Ucumari Canyon, Tarupayo, river Suaruro, Salinas, Chiquiacá River, Sierra de Aguaragüe, around Camatindi, Caraparí, the majority within the province O? Conor (BROWN & Rumiz, 1985 .)
PEYTON (1985) generalized the Bolivian distribution, asserting that there are no stocks in the central plains and that they are confined to the mountains of the East.
SUAREZ (1985) summarizes the distribution of the Bear "in Ecuador as follows: along the Andean slopes, both Eastern and Western, to a height of nearly 4000 meters, because to intense agricultural activity exists, is depopulated of this species intercordillerana Andean depression.
Serrania del Baudo and Darien, Andean Region, Sierra de la Macarena, eastern foothills of the Andes from 0 - 4000 m was not found in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (CROW, HERNANDEZ & CHAIN, 1986) .
The "Andean Bear (Tremarctos F. ornatus Cuvier, 1825) is the sole representative of the ursids in South America. Dispatched by the humid and mountain forest, generators and maintainers of water, preferably from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina, but also frequents open areas and dry. In Colombia inhabits all ridges and hills from 500 to 4,300 masl It seems that also lives on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, since there are catch records, several oral reports and toponymy (Bear hill) (POVEDA , 1986).
The current range of "Andean bear (T. ornatus) and the status of its population in Colombia is still unknown, so only has a few isolated records and observations. In order to compile and organize this information has produced a preliminary map of distribution. The records date from 1939 to 1985, the information obtained is based collection under review (ICN, INDERENA, etc.) literature review, visits to zoos, natural habitat surveys and personal communication obtained in lectures and conferences (Rodriguez, et al. 1986).
can be observed that most of the sites are on different branches of the Andes. This includes the ramp facing the Western Pacific, Central and Eastern branch, in other words, the entire Cordillera. Moreover, its distribution extends into the great mountains physiographically detached Andean massif, such as the Serrania del Baudo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Serrania del Darien (border with Panama) and Serrania de La Macarena. The existence of "Bears" in such relatively isolated mountain ranges, says about the capacity that is widely distributed species, which may be being currently limited by the intense human presence, manifested in the form of drastic changes in natural vegetation, which must involve loss of traditional habitats of the Bear "(Yerena, 1987).
Their presence in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is questioned by Cuervo et al. (1986). However, it is logical to assume, given the animal's ability to live in highly seasonal environments (see Peru and Bolivia), which has been able to cross the lowlands that separate the solid Sierra de Perija, and has successfully colonized the abundant rainforests and habitats that exist in this wilderness Sierra. Consequently, the oral report of Jorgenson (1980) can be taken into account (Yerena, 1987).
The altitudinal range of the Bear "in Peru, going from 200 to 4000 meters, the most frequent of 2000-3000 m. In this country, seems to repeat the fact that the Amazonian slopes of the Andes seem to be most suitable for containing best populations of this species (Yerena, 1987).
Bolivia altitudinal range is between 500 and 4700 meters. Most regions reported are located between 1000-2500 and to a lesser extent between 3000-4000 meters (Yerena, 1987).
The stories of the first historians of the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, may be an indication of a distribution of the "Spectacled Bear" in Venezuela, more extensive than today. In particular, it could reach mountainous and forested areas adjacent to the south bank of the Orinoco (now Edo. Bolivar) and perhaps less likely to Serrania del Interior in the current states of. Anzoátegui and Sucre. In the latter region had previously been "Bears" as Arctodus cf. brasiliensis definitely if you lived there, as evidenced by the remains found in caves Guácharo, Caripe Edo. Monagas (Linares, pers. Comm.). Humboldt reports and Codazzi, worthy of being taken into account the seriousness of their authors, they gain strength to the hypothesis of distribution in Guyana (Yerena, 1987).
Taking this into account we believe that at least theoretically, there are no geographical barriers that prevent Guyanese distribution. This would also apply to the case of the Cordillera de la Costa, therefore it is logical that the bear was able to successfully cross the lowlands of Yaritagua (State Yaracuy), to move from the Sierra de Portuguesa (where bears currently exist) to the Sierra de Aroa, foothills of Nirgua, and these to the coastal branch of the Cordillera La Costa. From this point could have been expanded to the East, as possibly did Arctodus. However, in the time existed Arctodus initially, it could have been a climatic and vegetation than the current, which favored the move to East through the Depression Unare which has now semi-arid vegetation (Yerena , 1987).
The altitudinal range of this species in Venezuela, going from 400 m (copy hunted Sarare, Edo. Apure: skin in the area observed by the author in 1986) to 4300 m (Bautista, J. pers. Com.: visual observation, northern flank of Pico Bolívar, Edo. Mérida). Perija Tamá Sierra Nevada and are the most common areas where bears are seen at low altitude. In the case of Venezuela, confirmed the spread found in the other countries, about the location of most of the locations above 1000 m (Yerena, 1987).
is possible that the process of geographical expansion Tremarctos main focus has been to the Andes, where branched secondary colonizers to the lowlands on either side of the ridge. Assuming that the expansion process was north-south along the ridge, then one would think that the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and the Cordillera de Merida in Venezuela, were also engaged in a secondary process. The human population increase in recent times and its attendant processes of environmental change, most likely promoted the fragmentation of the habitats of the Bear ", thus changing what may have been a relatively continuous distribution along the Andes (Yerena , 1987).
contemporary distributional pattern can be summarized as follows: relatively fragmented, throughout the Andes, from the Serrania del Darien on the north (Panama), Serrania de Portuguesa by the Northeast (Venezuela ) to the region of Tarija (Bolivia) to the south, possibly spreading to the highlands of the southern tip Baritú (Argentina) and the southwest region of Tarapacá (Chile), with certain ramifications to the lowlands adjacent to the foothills of the Andes, which include the western regions Pacific coast (Peru) and lowlands east of the Amazon-Orinoco (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru). The detail of the currently fragmented pattern may only be defined with regional studies of the available habitats in the Andes. But we dare to propose a general graphical model based on the results obtained by each country (Yerena, 1987).
Peru is the best studied with respect to "the spectacled bear." Studies of long-term field have been made by Peyton in the historic sanctuary of Machu Picchu and several nearby national parks, including Abiseo Negrohuasi and Yanachaga. His research suggests that in Peru the "Spectacled Bear" is widely distributed throughout the Andes, but is most abundant along the eastern side (Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens, 1988).
SBSG members Brown, Clark, Peyton, Salazar, Roman Rumiz surveys have been conducted in Bolivia, especially in Amboro National Park and in the department of Tarija. Hardy, Villalba and Ribera have also compiled information on the distribution of "Bear", including data from museum specimens. Hardy and other members of the group helped establish the National Park Amboro Raleigh and project members have been localized signs of bears in the area of \u200b\u200bthe river Pitisama. These findings suggest that in Bolivia the "Bears of glasses" are absent from the Central Plateau, as are abundant along the eastern slopes of the Andes, but its distribution is fragmented due to the interference of the farmers (LINCOLN PARK Zoological GARDENS, 1988). In Argentina
field surveys conducted by Brown and Rumiz indicated that the "Spectacled Bear" can be found at the northwest end of the country near Baritu National Park (Salta Province). Iudica Ramadori and made a National Park Caliegua recognition, just south of Baritu, and determined that it was unlikely that any "Spectacled Bear" remain in Calilegua (Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens, 1988).
Gender Tremarctos ever distributed from southern California to the southeastern United States and throughout Central America. Since the Pleistocene, exists only as a relic in South America and is confined to pre-montane and montane habitats in the Andes and the adjacent hills. The current boundaries extend from Panama through Peru to Bolivia. (EISENBERG, 1989).
Its range extends along the slopes of the Andes in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. Small clusters of only a few "Bears" also live in Panama and northern Argentina, in the respective limits of the north and south of the range of the Andes. (MIDDLETON, 1997).
natural distribution of species is very wide and extends in the Andean regions of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and northwestern Argentina in the provinces of Salta and Jujui, however, has recently been discovered in Los Katios National Park in Choco, Colombia, which tends to confirm a previous finding made in the province of Darién, Panama. Altitudinal dispersal preferentially covers temperate climatic zones, cold and lower portion of the moor, but its outer limits are from sea level to 4000 m (RODRIGUEZ, nd).
in Peru have been "Spectacled Bears" (Tremarctos ornatus), about halfway on the road between the bridge over the river Pampas (White River village) and the people Ocros, overnight, in April 1966 . The area corresponds to the subtropical thorn forest and lower montane dry forest. Several people say it is quite common in Pachaca River area from the point Cachinchihua to its junction with the Apurimac, Province Abancay, Apurimac department, which is sparsely inhabited (Dourojeanni, nd).
Base local wildlife data - Andrés Bello Convention
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The IUCN Red List of 2007 states: Geographic Information Range Endemic to the Tropical
Andes, the Andean bear is the only extant species of bear in South America. The northern limit of the range is the Darien forest on the border of Panama and Colombia; some uncertain reports indicate its occurrence in Panama. Southward it inhabits the Occidental, Central and Oriental Colombian ranges; the Sierra de Perija, Macizo de El Tama and Cordillera de Merida in Venezuela; both eastern and western slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes; all three Andean ranges of Peru, including a portion of the Pacific coastal desert; the eastern slope of the Andes in Bolivia; and was recently found in the north of Salta Province in Argentina, now the southern limit of its range (Peyton 1999, Del Moral and Bracho 2005). As additional wilderness areas through the Andes continue to be explored, new records on the distribution of the species have been reported (Goldstein 2006, Vargas and Azurduy 2006).
Andes, the Andean bear is the only extant species of bear in South America. The northern limit of the range is the Darien forest on the border of Panama and Colombia; some uncertain reports indicate its occurrence in Panama. Southward it inhabits the Occidental, Central and Oriental Colombian ranges; the Sierra de Perija, Macizo de El Tama and Cordillera de Merida in Venezuela; both eastern and western slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes; all three Andean ranges of Peru, including a portion of the Pacific coastal desert; the eastern slope of the Andes in Bolivia; and was recently found in the north of Salta Province in Argentina, now the southern limit of its range (Peyton 1999, Del Moral and Bracho 2005). As additional wilderness areas through the Andes continue to be explored, new records on the distribution of the species have been reported (Goldstein 2006, Vargas and Azurduy 2006).
As for recent research on the Andean bear in Argentina are the following references:
Del Moral, JF, and S. Bracho MVAE (2005). Evidence of Andean bear in northwest Argentina. International Bear News 14 (4) :30-32
Del Moral, JF (2008). New records of occurrence of the Andean bear in the provinces of Salta and Jujuy, northwestern Argentina. Presentation at the Second Symposium Andean Bear International. Cayetano Heredia University, WCS. Lima, Peru.
Del Moral, JF (2008). The Juco Project: advanced in Determining the Presence of the Andean Bear in Argentina, International Bear News 17 (4) 15 - 16.
For Bolivia, there are new record in the southernmost tip of Spain at deparatamento of Tarija:
Vargas, R., and C. Azurduy. 2006. New records of distribution of Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) in the department of Tarija, the southernmost record in Bolivia. Neotropical mammalogy 13 (1) :137-142.
MAP OF DISTRIBUTION OF BEAR IN ANY OF THE COUNTRIES WHERE THE SPECIES HABITAT
(VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA, ECUADOR)
VENEZUELA
Source: http://www.andigena.org/
COLOMBIA
ECUADOR
Note: Sorry if put recent references are those of this information on the distribution of the spectacled bear in new locations as possible will be updating the information.
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